One of the most common misconceptions about the German Chancenkarte visa is the belief that this visa type is only available to university graduates.

However, even those without a university degree can apply for the German Opportunity Card if they meet certain conditions.

Especially;

vocational high school graduates,

people who have completed vocational and technical education,

Those who have received state-recognized vocational training abroad,

skilled workers or technical professionals,

those who have completed specific AHK vocational trainings

In this regard, the Opportunity Card can be an important option.

However, here only;

"I am a vocational high school graduate."

That alone is not enough.

According to §20a/4 of the German Residence Act (AufenthG), as a rule, the foreign professional qualifications of a person applying for an Opportunity Card via the points system must be:

the education must be recognized by the state in the country where it was received

And

it requires at least two years of education to obtain

is necessary.

Therefore, a university degree is not a mandatory requirement for the Opportunity Card.

However, the professional certificate the person possesses must constitute a suitable formal professional qualification under German immigration law

Is it possible to obtain a German Opportunity Card without a university degree?

Yes.

Section 20a of the German Residence Act does not explicitly apply only to university graduates.

The Opportunity Card can be accessed in two main ways:

1. Applying for a Fachkraft position in Germany based on a fully recognized professional qualification

or

2. Application based on a 6-point system using at least two years of state-recognized professional qualifications from a foreign country.

The Federal Government's official Chancenkarte (Opportunity Card) statement clearly indicates that individuals without a university degree but at least two years of state-recognized vocational training can apply for the Chancenkarte based on a points system.

Therefore;

electrician,

mechatronics technician,

automotive technician,

chef,

technical professional

a person with professional qualifications in the field of maintenance or production

If the applicant meets the requirements of the concrete educational document, they can enter the Opportunity Card system.

Can Vocational High School Graduates Apply for the German Opportunity Card?

They can apply; however, not every vocational high school diploma is automatically accepted.

This point is especially important for those applying from Türkiye.

In Türkiye, the education described as "I am a vocational high school graduate" refers to:

duration,

the nature of the program,

recognition by the state,

whether the graduation certificate constitutes professional qualification

They should be examined individually.

What the German authorities are looking for is not simply the presence of the word "vocation" in the school's name.

Professional competence under AufenthG §20a/4;

recognized by the state

And

based on at least two years of vocational training

These are the basic conditions.

Therefore, whether a diploma from a vocational and technical Anatolian high school in Türkiye is valid for use with the Opportunity Card should be evaluated based on concrete documentation.

Is a Vocational High School Diploma Sufficient on Its Own?

In any case, no.

The applicant submitted only their diploma;

“I studied at a vocational high school for four years, therefore I automatically meet the Chancenkarte requirement.”

It should not lead to that conclusion.

For foreign professional qualifications to be used in the points system, their quality may need to be verified by a competent German authority.

As of 2026, one of the important documents for this purpose is the DAB – Statement on a Foreign Vocational Qualification document issued by ZAB.

According to ZAB's official criteria, three essential conditions are required for a positive DAB:

successful completion of vocational training,

the education must be recognized by the state in the country where it was received,

The training must be equivalent to at least two years of full-time vocational education.

Therefore, the main question in the file of a person with a vocational high school diploma is:

"Is this diploma recognized as a suitable foreign professional qualification under the DAB (Domain Authority for Foreign Professionals)?"

should be.

What is DAB?

DAB – Statement on a Foreign Vocational Qualificationis an official assessment document issued by ZAB for non-academic vocational qualifications obtained in foreign countries.

ZAB is included within the scope of this document;

whether the training has been completed or not

whether the education is recognized by the state in the country where it was received

whether it is equivalent to at least two years of full-time vocational training

He checks.

DAB specifically;

Opportunity Card,

visa for employees with professional experience,

recognition partnership

It can be used to demonstrate the basic requirements for foreign professional qualifications on some migration routes, such as those mentioned.

Is DAB a Professional Equivalency Certificate?

No.

This distinction is extremely important.

DAB refers to a person's professional training;

that it is completed,

recognized by the state

and that it meets the requirement of at least two years of education

truths.

However, DAB:

"This profession is completely equivalent to the same profession in Germany."

That doesn't mean anything.

ZAB also explicitly states that DAB is not a professional equivalency decision.

Therefore;

DAB

with

Anerkennung / Gleichwertigkeitsbescheid

They are different documents.

If I have full professional equivalency, am I required to earn 6 points on the Opportunity Card?

No.

a foreign professional qualification is fully recognized, the individual may acquire Fachkraft status under German immigration law.

According to the Federal Government's latest statement, individuals with fully recognized foreign academic or professional qualifications are eligible to live in Germany:

They don't have to enter the points system.

These individuals can apply for the Opportunity Card directly through Fachkraft .

This distinction also applies to people who do not have a university degree.

For example, if a person who has received vocational training in Türkiye has their qualifications fully recognized in Germany;

age,

German language score,

professional experience score,

missing professional score

He may not need to try to accumulate 6 points.

What happens if there is no full professional equivalency?

In this case, a points system could come into play.

Applicant's foreign professional qualifications;

if recognized by the state,

if it meets the minimum two-year education requirement

If other necessary conditions are met, evaluation can be done via the Chancenkarte point system.

In this case, the person also;

at least A1 German or B2 English

And

at least 6 Chancenkarte points

It must provide.

Is it mandatory for a vocational high school graduate to know German?

It depends on the application method.

Fully recognized professional qualification – Fachkraft path

If your professional qualifications are fully recognized in Germany, the general A1 German or B2 English proficiency requirement is waived for the Opportunity Card to directly enroll in the Fachkraft program.

Point system

If the professional qualification only meets the foreign qualification requirement under §20a/4 and the person uses a points system:

at least A1 level German

or

at least B2 level English

It is necessary.

Either of these two conditions is sufficient.

It is not mandatory for the applicant to be proficient in both German and English.

How many points are awarded for A1 German?

This may meet the A1 German basic language requirement but does not award additional points.

Higher German language levels provide points.

In the 2026 Chancenkarte system:

A2 German: 1 point

B1 German: 2 points

B2 level or higher German: 3 points

It is considered as such.

In English, a B2 level may meet the basic requirement; a C1 level can provide an additional point.

How many points does professional experience earn?

For graduates of vocational high schools or vocational training programs, one of the most important criteria for earning points is professional experience.

In terms of experience gained after obtaining a professional qualification and related to that qualification, in accordance with AufenthG §20b:

At least 2 years of experience in the last 5 years

2 points

At least 5 years of experience in the last 7 years

3 points

It can be profitable.

For example, someone who has completed vocational training in the automotive field and worked as an automotive technician for five years within the last seven years can earn 3 points from the professional experience criterion

Does every work experience earn points?

No.

It is important that the experience is linked to formal professional qualifications.

For example;

For someone with professional qualifications in the electrical field but who has worked as a sales representative in a completely unrelated sector for the past five years, their entire work history may not automatically be counted towards their professional experience points.

Against this;

electrical installation,

electrical maintenance,

industrial electricity,

in similar technical tasks

The link between education and experience is stronger if one has worked.

How to Prove Professional Experience?

Only in the applicant's CV;

"I've been an electrician since 2018."

Writing it is not enough.

Professional experience;

employer employment documents,

Social Security Institution (SGK) service record

employment contracts,

Reference letters,

Job descriptions

professional association or business registrations as needed

It can be supported by...

Especially in employer communications, not only the employment dates but the type of work performed should be clearly stated.

Because the German authorities need to assess the link between professional experience and formal qualifications.

Is a Certificate of Proficiency Sufficient for the Opportunity Card?

It cannot be said to be automatic.

In Türkiye;

certificate of expertise

apprenticeship certificate

Master instructor certificate

professional qualification certificate

There are various legal documents such as these.

Each of these falls under §20a/4 in terms of Chancenkarte;

completed professional qualifications,

recognition by the state

And

equivalent to at least two years of full-time education

Whether it meets the requirements should also be evaluated.

Therefore, simply having the word "mastery" written on the certificate does not automatically grant access to the Opportunity Card.

ZAB DAB assessment should be performed when necessary.

Is a MYK Certificate Sufficient for Obtaining an Opportunity Card Alone?

In any case, no.

Professional qualification certificates issued or verified by the Vocational Qualifications Authority are important professional documents in Türkiye.

However, with regard to Chancenkarte, the issue is not simply whether the document is valid in Türkiye.

Formal vocational training under §20a/4;

recognized by the state

And

must meet the requirement of at least two years of education

is sought.

Therefore, it should not be assumed that a qualification obtained through a short-term examination or certification automatically replaces the two-year formal vocational training requirement.

The specific qualifications must be assessed by the ZAB or the relevant recognition authority.

Are short-term vocational courses sufficient?

In general private courses lasting a few weeks or a few monthsdo not meet the requirement of at least two years of professional training in §20a/4.

The law specifically aims to ensure professional qualifications are obtained:

at least two years of education

is searching.

Therefore;

3-month cooking course,

6-month computer course,

short-term specialized certificate program

It may not be considered, on its own, a sufficient formal professional qualification for Chancenkarte.

Here, a distinction should be made between a course certificate and a formal professional qualification .

What exactly does the two-year education requirement mean?

Vocational training according to ZAB's current DAB criteria:

equivalent to at least two years of full-time vocational training

should be.

Even if the training is conducted part-time, it can be equivalent to at least two years of full-time training in terms of content and overall scope.

Therefore, it's not just the calendar period that matters.

Education;

content,

lesson duration

application period,

program status

They can be evaluated together.

What does it mean for vocational education to be recognized by the state?

According to ZAB, state recognition means that the educational program is recognized within the framework of official legal regulations in the relevant country.

In other words, a private company's internal training program is not the same as formal vocational training recognized by the state.

Regarding applications from Türkiye;

Ministry of Education,

authorized official educational institutions

and other legislation-based professional qualification systems

It could be important.

However, the suitability of the document for the Chancenkarte must be assessed on a case-by-case basis.

How to get DAB?

DAB applications are made online through ZAB.

According to ZAB's current application guidelines, a person;

Creates a ZAB account,

Scan and upload the necessary documents

They complete their application online.

For example, in the application;

Transcripts or course documents showing all periods of vocational training,

ID/passport

A document showing if there has been a name change

other required training documents

It may be requested.

To give a positive DAB, ZAB checks three key elements:

Has the training been completed?

Is the education recognized by the state?

Is that equivalent to at least two years of full-time education?

What happens if the DAB result is negative?

ZAB requires that all three criteria be met for a DAB to be positive.

If any of these criteria are not met, the DAB may be negative.

According to ZAB's official statement, a negative DAB (Domain Information Act) cannot be used as positive proof of eligibility in a related residence permit application. Furthermore, it is stated that the DAB application fee is not refundable in the event of a negative outcome.

Therefore, the training requirements should be carefully checked before applying for DAB.

If I have a Professional Equivalency Certificate, do I need to obtain a DAB (Documentary Acquisition Certificate)?

In any case, no.

According to ZAB's official statement, the recognition of foreign professional qualifications must be obtained from the competent authority in Germany;

full equivalence

or

partial equivalence

If that decision has already been made, a DAB may not be necessary.

In this case, the existing equivalence decision can be used in the Opportunity Card application.

Partial equivalence, in particular, provides a significant advantage in the Chancenkarte points system.

How many points are awarded for partial equivalency?

The applicant's foreign professional qualifications were assessed in Germany and are for full equivalence;

rapport,

compensation,

additional qualifications

or if it is determined that similar measures are necessary:

4 points

receivable.

This is one of the highest single point categories on this Opportunity Card.

For example:

Partial equivalence → 4 points

B1 German → 2 points

Total:

6 points.

In this case, a person can reach the minimum threshold without needing other scoring criteria.

Is it possible to obtain an Opportunity Card through AHK Vocational Training?

Yes, there is a specific regulation regarding certain AHK qualifications.

AufenthG §20a/4 also recognizes specific vocational trainings provided by the German Chamber of Commerce and Industry abroad ( Auslandshandelskammer – AHK) that meet the content, duration, and implementation standards of the German Vocational Training Act

In the Federal Government's latest statement, in this context, specifically:

AHK Category A

Professional qualifications are specified.

Therefore, not every certificate a person obtains through AHK is automatically eligible.

The document Category A requirements and has the necessary certification for the relevant training.

Does someone with an AHK certificate need to accumulate 6 points?

AHK Category A qualification is one of the fundamental qualifications that can be used in the points system.

Therefore, if the person does not already have fully recognized Fachkraft status in Germany, then additionally;

A1 German or B2 English

And

at least 6 points

must fulfill the condition.

How is a Vocational High School Graduate's Score Calculated?

For example, a 30-year-old vocational training graduate;

appropriate and state-recognized professional qualifications,

three years of relevant work experience in the last five years,

B1 level German language proficiency

Let it be there.

Points calculation:

Age → 2 points

Professional experience → 2 points

B1 German → 2 points

Total: 6 points.

If a person can also prove their basic professional qualifications with a DAB (Directorate of Professional Competence) certificate or other appropriate document, it is possible to reach the minimum threshold in terms of the points system.

Example: 38-year-old Electrician

Applicant:

38 years old,

Possessing appropriate professional qualifications in the field of electricity,

They have five years of professional experience in the last seven years

He/She has B1 level German proficiency.

Point:

Age → 1

5 years of experience → 3

B1 German → 2

Total: 6 points.

Therefore, it is possible to meet the Chancenkarte score requirement even without a university degree.

Example: 42-year-old Automotive Technician

Applicant:

42 years old,

possessing appropriate professional qualifications,

He has five years of automotive experience in the last seven years

He/She knows German at B1 level

They fall into a qualified but underqualified professional group.

Point:

Age → 0

Professional experience → 3

B1 German → 2

Missing profession → 1

Total: 6 points.

This example also shows that vocational training graduates over the age of 40 can also obtain a Chancenkarte.

Example: Vocational High School Graduate with Partial Equivalency

Let's assume the applicant has undergone a professional equivalency process in Germany and some deficiencies in their qualifications have been identified.

Partial equivalence → 4 points

A2 German → 1 point

38 years old → 1 point

Total: 6 points.

If this person also meets the other requirements, they can reach the Chancenkarte score threshold.

Can a vocational high school graduate with no work experience apply?

Theoretically, in terms of the point system, if sufficient points can be accumulated from other criteria, the lack of professional experience is not an automatic reason for rejection.

However, in practice, professional experience is an important source of points.

For example, an inexperienced person;

partial equivalence

advanced German level,

age,

German history

It might be possible to reach 6 points based on other criteria such as these.

Therefore, each file must be calculated separately.

Is there an age limit for those who do not have a university degree?

There is no absolute upper age limit.

In the points system:

Those under 35 years old: 2 points

Those aged 35 to 40: 1 point

can get it.

Individuals over 40 years of age do not receive age points but can earn 6 points from other criteria.

Therefore;

"Vocational high school graduates over the age of 40 cannot obtain a Chancenkarte."

There is no general rule like that.

Is there a requirement to show proof of funds for those who are not university graduates?

Yes.

Having professional qualifications does not eliminate funding obligations.

According to the Federal Government's updated statement for 2026, in general, when income is shown through a blocked account under the Chancenkarte scheme:

minimum net monthly income of €1,091

Financial sufficiency is required.

Alternatively, Verpflichtungserklärung can be used.

The mathematical equivalent of the monthly amount for a 12-month period is:

13,092 Euros

is happening.

Income from a suitable 20-hour weekly part-time job contract can also be considered in the financing account. If net income falls below €1,091, the difference can be covered by the blocked account.

Can a vocational high school graduate work in Germany with a Special Offer Card?

The primary purpose of the Opportunity Card is job searching.

Holder of Chancenkarte pursuant to AufenthG §20a/2;

A maximum of 20 hours total on average per week

It can work.

In addition, every employer has the following requirements:

a trial run of up to two weeks

He can.

If a suitable and qualified job is found, the individual may switch to another work session depending on their circumstances.

What study sessions might be offered to vocational high school graduates?

The Opportunity Card is not the only option.

The person's;

full professional equivalence,

job offer

professional experience,

age,

salary

And depending on the nature of the work, other types of residency permits may be more advantageous.

For example;

qualified employee session,

visa for employees with professional experience,

session for professional recognition purposes,

recognition partnership

Alternatives such as these may come to the fore.

The Federal Government also states that Chancenkarte is not the only immigration route for people with foreign professional qualifications.

Therefore, someone who already has a suitable job offer from Germany may not automatically need to apply for the Opportunity Card.

Is the DAB (Documented Activity Certificate) Sufficient for Regulated Occupations?

No.

The DAB is proof of qualification in immigration law; it does not replace a professional license in regulated occupations.

ZAB explicitly states that occupational recognition is also required in regulated occupations.

According to Germany's official "Anerkennung in Deutschland" portal, in regulated professions, the equivalence of foreign professional qualifications to German qualifications and any other professional requirements are also examined.

Therefore, for example in healthcare or other licensing fields, a DAB (Directorate of Medical Education) alone does not grant the right to practice the profession.

Is Equivalency Required for Unregulated Professions?

In Germany, many vocational training professions the non-regulatedprofessions.

According to the official “Anerkennung in Deutschland” portal, legal recognition may not be mandatory to practice some professions, such as motor vehicle mechatronics technician or office management.

However, for immigration law purposes, the type of visa to be used may also require proof of eligibility.

Therefore:

"The profession is not regulated = I don't need to submit any documents."

No conclusion should be drawn.

It must also be proven that the foreign professional qualification meets the requirements of §20a in terms of the points system of the Opportunity Card.

Which is more logical for obtaining a Vocational High School Diploma: Anerkennung or DAB?

This depends entirely on the applicant's situation.

DAB might be more suitable:

Individuals will apply to Chancenkarte using a point system

It only needs to show that its qualifications are recognized by the state and that it meets the two-year training requirement

If the professional equivalency process has not yet been completed.

Anerkennung might be more appropriate:

The person wants to obtain full professional recognition in Germany

He wants to move directly to Fachkraft status

will work in a regulated profession

or if full equivalency would be advantageous in another work visa.

Moreover , it may be possible to earn 4 points in the Chancenkarte system if partial equivalence is obtained as a result of professional recognition

Application Steps for Non-University Graduates

1. Identify your professional credentials

It must be determined which of the following constitutes formal vocational qualifications: a vocational high school diploma, a vocational training diploma, a master craftsman certificate, or another qualification.

2. Check the training duration

It should be examined whether the training is equivalent to at least a two-year full-time program.

3. Check the status of recognition by the state

The training must be officially recognized in the country where it was received.

4. Prepare your DAB or professional equivalency certificate

The DAB (Domain Authority for Foreign Trade) can be used in the points system. If full or partial equivalency has been obtained previously, the current decision can be re-evaluated.

5. Check if the Fachkraft route is possible

If professional qualifications are fully recognized in Germany, the 6-point system may not be necessary.

6. If a points system is required, provide the language requirement

At least A1 level German or B2 level English is required.

7. Calculate at least 6 points

Age, professional experience, language skills, partial equivalency, incomplete professional qualifications, and other criteria should be evaluated.

8. Prepare the financing

In 2026, a blocked account or the appropriate Verpflichtungserklärung can be used for living expenses, amounting to €1,091 per month.

9. Check if the profession is regulated

If necessary, an application for professional recognition or licensing should also be submitted.

10. Submit your visa application

The Chancenkarte must be submitted along with the required documents as part of the national visa application process.

The Most Common Mistakes Made by Vocational High School Graduates

Thinking that every vocational high school diploma is automatically accepted

Each diploma should be evaluated on a concrete basis.

Considering the condition is definitely met because the school period is four years

The requirement is not simply four years of schooling, but also having a qualification equivalent to at least two years of formal vocational training.

Using a Certificate of Proficiency Instead of Automatic DAB (Digital Information System)

Not every certificate of expertise or professional qualification can be said to meet the criteria of §20a.

Mistaking DAB for a Full Equivalency Certificate

The DAB confirms formal qualification requirements; it does not indicate full professional equivalency in Germany.

Leaving Professional Experience Undocumented

If points are required, documentation of work experience is necessary.

Giving a score for A1 German

This meets the A1 basic language requirement but does not award additional points.

Giving Additional Points for B2 English

B2 level provides the basic English requirement; additional points in English come into play from C1 level onwards.

Thinking that applications cannot be submitted by those over 40 years of age

Individuals over 40 years of age cannot receive age points but can achieve 6 points from other criteria.

Thinking that 6 points will make up for the deficiency in competence

Before 6 points can be accumulated, the formal professional qualification requirement under §20a/4 must be met.

Thinking that obtaining a DAB (Documentary Abroad Certificate) automatically makes one able to practice their profession in Germany

Professional recognition is also required, especially in regulated professions.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it possible to obtain a German Opportunity Card without a university degree?

Yes. Individuals with the appropriate foreign professional qualifications can apply to Chancenkarte.

Can a vocational high school graduate get a Discount Card?

This is possible if the diploma is recognized by the state and constitutes a qualification equivalent to at least two years of formal vocational training. This can be proven with a DAB (Diploma of Approved Professionals) or the appropriate professional recognition certificate.

How many points are needed for a vocational high school graduate?

If you are not entering the Fachkraft path through full professional equivalency, you need at least 6 points .

Is it mandatory for vocational high school graduates to know German?

For applications via the points system, at least A1 German or B2 English is required. With fully recognized qualifications, the general language requirement does not apply on the Fachkraft path.

What is the minimum number of years required for vocational training?

Under the points system, foreign professional qualifications must, as a rule, be equivalent to at least two years of full-time education .

What is DAB?

This document, issued by ZAB, verifies the completion, state recognition, and at least two years of training for a foreign non-academic professional qualification.

Is DAB professional equivalency?

No. It does not indicate full equivalence of the profession in Germany.

If I have full equivalency, do I need 6 points?

No. A points system based on fully recognized foreign professional qualifications is not applied on the Fachkraft path.

What is the score for partial equivalency?

If the conditions stipulated in the law are met, 4 points .

How many points are awarded for two years of work experience?

At least two years of relevant experience within the last five years 2 points .

How many points are given for five years of work experience?

At least five years of relevant experience within the last seven years 3 points .

Is a certificate of expertise sufficient?

Whether the document meets the formal professional qualification requirements in §20a/4 must also be assessed. Automatic acceptance cannot be assumed.

Is the MYK certificate sufficient?

It is not sufficient on its own in all cases. In particular, it should be examined whether the requirement of at least two years of formal vocational training has been met.

Are short vocational courses sufficient?

As a rule, courses lasting a few months do not meet the minimum two-year training requirement in §20a/4.

Can an AHK certificate be used?

Qualifications that meet the requirements of the law and fall under AHK Category A as defined by the Federal Government may be used

Can vocational high school graduates over the age of 40 apply?

Yes. Even if they don't get age points, they can still get 6 points from other criteria.

How much money do I need to show?

In 2026, the general benchmark for subsistence is a net monthly of €1,091 . This can be proven with a blocked account or a Verpflichtungserklärung (debt declaration).

Can I work with a Discount Card?

The First Job Search Opportunity Card allows for two-week trial periods with working conditions averaging up to 20 hours per week

Conclusion

The Germany Opportunity Card is not only for university graduates.

Individuals without a university degree can also benefit from the Chancenkarte system if they possess appropriate professional qualifications

According to AufenthG §20a/4, the foreign professional qualification is based on a points system;

it is recognized by the state in the country where it was received

And

based on at least two years of vocational training

is necessary.

In proving these conditions, the DAB – Statement on a Foreign Vocational Qualification, , is a particularly important document.

For positive DAB results;

Completion of education

recognition by the state

And

equivalent to at least two years of full-time education

All conditions must be met.

However, DAB is not a German professional equivalency decision.

If a foreign professional qualification is fully recognized in Germany, the individual via Fachkraft and does not need to accumulate 6 points.

If full recognition is not available and a points system is used, the applicant must also:

A1 German or B2 English

And

at least 6 Chancenkarte points

It needs to be shown.

Professional experience is a significant advantage, especially for applicants without a university degree. Two years of relevant experience in the last five years can earn 2 points, while five years of relevant experience in the last seven years can earn 3 points. Partial equivalency may result in 4 points.

It should also be checked whether the profession is regulated in Germany. Having a DAB (Domain Name) does not automatically grant a work permit in a regulated profession; professional recognition must be completed separately where necessary.

Ensuring financial security in 2026 is also an independent condition. According to the Federal Government's current statement, a net monthly income of €1,091 is used as a criterion for blocked accounts; alternatively, a Verpflichtungserklärung (debt declaration) is accepted.

Therefore, the correct order of evaluation for vocational high school or vocational training graduates is as follows:

Professional certificate → state recognition → at least two years of education → DAB or Anerkennung → Fachkraft/points system distinction → language → 6 points → funding → visa application.

In other words, the main question is:

"I'm not a university graduate, can't I get a Discount Card?"

not;

"Do my professional qualifications meet the formal qualification requirements in the German Opportunity Card regulations?"

should be.